Finance & economics | Free exchange

How might China win the future? Ask Google’s AI

The country’s sprawling industrial policy is beyond mere human comprehension

Illustration of a factory made out of a cardboard box that says MADE IN CHINA on it
Illustration: Álvaro Bernis
|5 min read

If China dominates the 21st-century economy, its industrial policy will get a lot of the credit. The state’s efforts to cultivate new industries, breed winners and foster technological advances inspire awe and anger from outside observers. Kyle Chan of Princeton University recently compared China’s policies to the Manhattan Project, which invented the atomic bomb. On present trends, he argues, “the battle for supremacy” in artificial intelligence (AI) will be fought not between America and China but between leading Chinese cities like Hangzhou and Shenzhen.

Explore more

This article appeared in the Finance & economics section of the print edition under the headline “Paperclip counter”

From the May 31st 2025 edition

Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contents

Explore the edition
illustration of a map of Africa with a large pixelated cursor pointing at Zambia, which is highlighted in yellow

Want to be a good explorer? Study economics

The battle to reduce risk has shaped centuries of ventures

Illustration of a hand pushing a jagged black arrow upward against a red background. The Jane Street logo appears to be rolling down the arrow in the opposite direction.

Jane Street is chucked out of India. Other firms should be nervous

Around the world, marketmakers now face extra scrutiny


A man looks at an advertisement for the Nippon Individual Savings Account (NISA) displayed at a branch of Nomura Securities Co., a unit of Nomura Holdings Inc., in the Kichijoji area of Tokyo, Japan.

Japan has been hit by investing fever

Will old folk catch the bug?


Don’t invest through the rearview mirror

Markets are supposed to look forward; plenty of investors look back instead

Trump’s trade deals try a creative way to hobble China

To appease the world’s biggest market, countries must anger the world’s biggest trader

The great dealmaker is conspicuously short of trade deals

Donald Trump issues threats—and grants deadline extensions